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Internet Resource Guide for Researchers

Posted by Unknown Rabu, 01 Januari 2014 0 komentar


It is a brand new year, Christmas already passed but there are still gifts under the tree!

In this article you will find a selection of online resources for research and/or teaching base on eight categories: Search, Directories, Databases, Archives and Libraries, Monitoring trends and creating alerts, Social Bookmarks, Wikis, Editing and hosting Weblogs.

Looks promising? Interested? Keep on reading!


I) Search


  1. Bielefeld Academic Search Engine - Search Engine of multidisciplinary academic resources developed by the Library of the University of Bielefeld in Germany. Query interface available in German and English with advanced search options. 
  2. CiteSeer - Scientific literature digital library and search engine maintained by the College of Information Sciences and Technology at Pennsylvania State University.
  3. Google Scholar - Google specialized search oriented literature searches. Option of advanced searches by author, publication restriction and dates. 
  4. Google Books - Full-text searches of books. According to the rights to which each is subject text fragments displayed or allows browsing the entire book. 
  5. Google Co-op - Application of Google that allows you to configure a custom to narrow searches to domains that are indicated finder. 
  6. Google News Archive Search - Specialized service oriented search Google news archives. Advanced search and date restrictions, publication or fee. 
  7. Scirus - Specialized search engine in science. Covers scientific literature, news, patents, reports, and medical and technical data. Indexes 300 million scientific web sites. The algorithm uses values ​​the position and frequency of the terms in the text and the input links to the page. 
  8. UNESCO Thesaurus - The UNESCO Thesaurus is a controlled and structured list of terms used in subject analysis and search for documents and publications in the fields of education, culture, natural sciences, social and human sciences, communication and information list.

 

 

II) Directories

  1. Academic Info - Educational Resources Thematic Directory maintained by the University of Phoenix. 
  2. WWW Virtual Library - The oldest and reputed thematic catalog of the Web, started by Tim Berners-Lee himself at CERN in Geneva in 1991. 
  3. Directory of Open Access Journals - Directory of scientific journals with editorial control by peer review offered in the form of open access. Search by word, by title and by subject. 
  4. Electronic Resources - Catalog, electronic resources organized by the Library of the University of California Berkeley. Browse by subject or resource type and word search, bounded to the title or description of the resource. 
  5. Infomine - Virtual library of Internet resources maintained by the Library of the University of California Riverside. Search by resource type, by theme and words.  
  6. Intute - Books online resource for education and research developed by a consortium of British universities. Search by words and by subject area (Science and Technology, Arts and Humanities, Social Sciences and Health and Life Sciences). 
  7. Latin American Network Information Center - Based at the University of Texas at Austin is the oldest and largest online directory dedicated to information on Latin America. 
  8. Librarian's Internet Index - One of the oldest and most prestigious network indices. Collects manually "web sites that can be trusted."

 

 

III) Databases

  1. High Wire Press - A service of the University Library Stanford indexes content from over a thousand scientific journals with editorial control pairs. Advanced searches and alerting. Contains an index that allows the exploration of resources in terms of their conditions of use. 
  2. IMDB - The Internet Movie Data Base is a comprehensive online database devoted to film, television and video games. Searchable by titles, names, characters and words in all categories. 
  3. IMSDB - The Internet Movie Script Database, unrelated to the IMDB, is a database of movie scripts can access those in html. Search by words, by genre and titles.

 

 

IV) Archives and Libraries

  1. British Library - The British National Library is one of the largest in the world. 
  2. Library of Congress - The U.S. National Library is the first character federal cultural institution in the United States and is the largest library in the world. The LOC website has a section specifically aimed at researchers with a wide range of resources.

    a) Other virtual libraries and codes of free educational materials
  1. Academic Commons - Academic community driven Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts from Wabash College dedicated to developing and promoting open for teaching the liberal arts web resources. 
  2. Footnote - Photo Exhibit in line with social web services. Allows you to search, receive and record historical documents, create personal pages, and share resources. 
  3. OpenCourseWare - Portal of MIT courses offered as free and open educational resource for students and teachers around the world form. 
  4. Open Educational Resources - Internet Archive Section offered in a wide range of educational materials for students and teachers at all levels, under the premise of universal access to human knowledge. 
  5. Project Gutenberg - It is the oldest digital library network. A vast project developed by oriented digitize, archive and distribute scanned books volunteers whose texts are in the public domain. 
  6. SciELO - The Scientific Electronic Library Online is an electronic library that publishes scientific journals and indexes 
  7. World Lecture Hall - Free online access to academic teaching materials. Advanced search and browsing subject categories. Maintained by the Center for Instructional Technologies at the University of Texas at Austin.
    b) Audiovisual Archives
  1. Archives Pour Tous - Archive of radio and television programs operated by the French Institut National de l'Audiovisual. 
  2. Moving Images Archive - Internet Archive section that includes various thematic collections of film and video. 
  3. Motion Picture & Television Reading Room - Access to funding film and television archive of the Library of Congress.

 

 

V) Monitoring trends and creating alerts

  1. Google Alerts - Service emails that can be configured for announcements of new results related to your search terms determined by the user, both on the Web and News (from Google News) or by combining both approaches. Sets the frequency of the ads (once a day, once a week or when the reference occurs). 
  2. BlogPulse - Monitoring and graphical representation of trends in the blogosphere. Generates RSS feeds of search results. 
  3. IceRocket - Differentiated Search through blogs, websites, news and pictures. Tool comparative representation of trends between terms and undecideable by date. 
  4. ISI Web of Knowledge - Essential to generate alerts literature reviews, research agenda and academic appointments reference. 
  5. Technorati - Reference search social web. Advanced search for words and bounded by media, tags, dates, or tongue. Index Most Popular Searches and music videos and news linked. Generates RSS feeds of search results.

 

 

VI) Social Bookmarks

  1. CiteULike - Manager online academic articles. Allows creation of a personal library to retain references of texts of interest detected on the network and export records to tools such as BibTeX and Endnote. 
  2. Connotea - Manager online academic references. Lets discover, share and organize references online. Sheets exportable in RIS format. 
  3. Delicious - Lets discover, publish, share and annotate links (bookmarks or favorites) and RSS subscribe to search results via labels sources. 
  4. H2O Playlist - A tool developed by the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School that allows the creation of online collections of multimedia resources. Especially useful for the management of learning materials to support classes. 
  5. Library Thing - Tool to maintain and share online book catalogs. Benefits of social network. Free service up to 200 entries. 
  6. Zotero - Extension for the Firefox browser that enables you to collect, manage and share academic resources

 

 

VII) Wikis

  1. Citizendium - Project driven by Larry Sanger, one of the founders of Wikipedia, aimed at launching an online encyclopedia written collaboratively by authoritative sources. 
  2. Wikibooks - A collection of textbooks free content. Project of the Wikimedia Foundation. 
  3. Wikiversity - A free and free to create online learning projects and development of educational content educational platform. Project of the Wikimedia Foundation.

 

 

VIII) Editing and hosting Weblogs

  1. Blogger - The popular blogging tool, owned by Google, has new features that make customizing the blog and the inclusion of tags. 
  2. WordPress - The Web-based tool of the powerful content management open source version.
... and this was it! What is your opinion about this list? There are many-many other resources out there but hopefully this list will suit most of you.


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Varieties Of Capitalism - Part II

Posted by Unknown Senin, 16 Desember 2013 0 komentar


This article evaluates the arguments about the strengths and weaknesses of the ‘varieties of capitalism’ approach discussed in a previous post, Varieties of Capitalism to analyse the U.S. and Germany.

One of the most visited articles in this blog is related to Varieties of Capitalism. So today we will spend a bit more time discussing and evaluating this approach.


I. Introduction
In an era where the world is more connected than ever, the word ‘globalisation’ is constantly being used to understand the changes in societies and in employment relations, i.e. by one economy being connected to the world it will influence its employment relation practices. 

Two approaches were initially developed: simple globalization that defends that all economies and employment relation policies and practices will converge; and institutional that defends that employment relations are dependent of their national institutions (governments, laws, organizations) that mediate part of those economic pressures (Bamber, Lansbury & Wailes, 2011).
A third approach, Varieties of capitalism (VOC), was created as an evolving theory from the criticisms of those two previous approaches. This essay is an overall evaluation of VOC. Can it be criticised? Yes… in my opinion.



II. Evaluating VOC
VOC is a firm-centric approach used for the understanding/comparison of employment relations in different countries (Bamber, Lansbury & Wailes, 2011). It disagrees with the simple globalization by proving that a simple convergence is not possible due to different institutions arrangements and history. Additionally it also goes a step further than the simple view of institutional since it explains the reasons behind the differences. With the firm at the centre of the analysis, traditionally VOC is divided in two main forms of capitalism:
  • Liberal market economies
  • and Coordinated market economies
The authors mention a third form called Asian Market Economy for distinctive and emerging cases of Japan, Korea and China. In my opinion, the introduction of this third cluster was a correct judgement seeing the unique characteristics of Asian markets. However it is also true that the Mediterranean countries do not completely fit with the West European CME (Bamber, Lansbury & Wailes, 2011), neither are Latin American markets represented in the study. Those emerging economies have its own uniqueness which is allowing them to develop almost as rapid as the Asian markets, so seeing from that sense they could have their own cluster. In fact, some authors introduce more types of possible categories of economies  but still leaving behind any Latin American representative Therefore we should ask the question, “Should the VOC be divided even in more clusters?”.

It is true that a good theory needs to be broad and able to be generalised, but it is also true that differences will always exist between economies, i.e. no economy is alike. Although the creation of more clusters would create a better fit within some countries it might also not be broad enough to comprise many other countries. Hence, the choice would always need to consider either having more generalisations and fewer clusters or more details and more clusters. Eventually there is no right or wrong decision since with a creation of many clusters the theory will also fail to generalise (and be a theory) but it will indeed have fewer exceptions and therefore will be more accurate.
Although it is important to have a general understanding of the differences in forms of capitalism a academic/researcher should not draw into conclusions from generalisations since he/she might overlook important differences, thus no matter how many clusters are created a more detailed analysis and comparison will always be necessary. In this case, the VOC approach of the textbook has the advantage of specifying a number of variables  for comparison (Bamber, Lansbury & Wailes, 2011, p19):
  • Industrial relations
  • Vocational training and education
  • Corporate governance
  • Inter-firm relations
  • Relations with its own employees
These are shown as interconnected, i.e. not independent (institutional complementarity) and therefore by “focusing on interconnections between institutional arrangements” (Bamber, Lansbury & Wailes, 2011, p21) they facilitate the comparison among economies while not treating: “employment relation institutions in isolation” neither “institutions as separate from the social actors who engage with them” (Bamber, Lansbury & Wailes, 2011, p21) – putting for that reason VOC as a more analytical theory then the institutional approach.

Conversely, the traditional VOC can as well be criticised by being too deterministic and too focused on national institutions. The first case is due to its firm-centric approach where VOC can overlook the role of social actors (having them too dependent on institutional context), where in fact workers and the state can also shape institutions. In the second case it is mainly due to the assumption of closed economies, where in fact international pressures can indeed affect institutions within a certain economy (e.g. multinational firms). To overcome those criticisms it is necessary to approach VOC with an historical factor, where there is the need to investigate: 1) the effect of the role of the state and labour movement within institutions and 2) trade and international framework agreements.
As mentioned, this approach can be considered as more analytical since it tries to explain the reasons behind the different employment relations while comparing different countries, i.e. it tries to investigate 1) why similar countries might have different outcomes and 2) why dissimilar countries might have the same outcomes. In fact, by trying to explain the root-causes of similarities and differences between economies VOC can become a valuable study while comparing with other approaches.



Conclusion
VOC is an evolving theory for the understanding of employment relations, it can be seen as a more adequate solution while comparing with simple globalization and institutional mainly because (Bamber, Lansbury & Wailes, 2011):
  • it does not only focus on differences but also explains the commonalities within countries with different institutional arrangements;
  • it does not treat institutions as independent variables, i.e. institutions by themselves also change;
  • and it also tries to understand why the same institutional arrangements in different countries can produce different outcomes.
However it is true that the categorization of market economies in VOC can be criticised as too general and for that reason a close comparison, is necessary (the authors use five interconnected spheres/variables). Still, in the US different states have different rules so can we really say it is a homogeneous economy? How can we really compare when within the same country there might be different institutional arrangements?
Finally, as mentioned, VOC can also be connected to chronological events, i.e. history matters, which can be good indicators to predict the future. Nonetheless answers can not be seen as given since rarely history repeats itself. There are always different factors, conditions and contexts behind every single change and therefore different reasons for differences among countries. But event if history would repeat itself this approach does no gives a guide for future directions. What should we do with the information collected?


Note: This article is free for you to read, what I ask in return is that you use the information in a proper matter: please do not plagiarise, you need to reference me or any author that is providing the information; and share this site to others. That's it! If you enjoyed reading this article, please consider tipping me using Bitcoin. Bitcoin Address: 1CZMXfdyJzquJaagpHixzizuN2SxFbefTP

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For referenced authors see: https://sites.google.com/site/apariciofernandesresearch/
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Self-concept and Consumer Behaviour

Posted by Unknown Minggu, 08 Desember 2013 1 komentar


Self-concept has been a very successful approach in investigating possible links between the way individuals see themselves and their behaviour as consumers. The main advantage, compared to personality theories, is that consumers give descriptions of themselves and these are not made by outside observers. This is very important because the way a person sees is very different from how it is seen by anyone else.
The self-concept may be defined as the perception that one has of itself, not only in physical and psychological terms but also in terms of honesty, good humour, sophistication, justice, guilt, among others. However complex, is well organized and works in a consistent way. Self-concept is a fixed structure for two reasons:
  1. The "I" resists to change (have a penchant for inaction);
  2. After the establishment of the "I", change becomes unlikely due to the perception of selected information from the environment.

Development Forms
Self-concept can be developed in four different ways.

1. Self-Assessment
A person defines its pattern of behaviour according to what is and is not socially accepted.

2. Reflected evaluation
The way a person is defined depends on ratings made by others. This influence depends on the influencer and the degree of influence that this has on the person. There is a greater impact when:
  • The evaluator is seen as a highly credible source;
  • The evaluator has a great interest in the assessed person;
  • The review is very different from assessment that the person has of himself at the moment;
  • The number of confirmations of an evaluation is high;
  • The various sources are consistent reviews;
  • The reviews are in line with what the person thinks of herself. 

3. Social comparison
This theory argues that the evaluation that the person makes itself depends on how we see this in comparison with others. Many marketing strategies have been based on this theory because this way people see themselves depends on their perception of their relative status compared with social class, a reference group and other important groups. Marketers can thus develop communications targeted to more specific groups.

4. Influence search/trend
This theory views the development of self-concept in terms of aspirations and search for influences in the environment that surrounds the individual to confirm if this meets their aspirations. Our Self-concepts vary in degrees, according to how we perceive ourselves in relation to others, our levels of information and categorization of ourselves according to how we believe that society categorizes us.

Extension and amendment of the "I"
Although the Self-concept is a fixed structure that works consistently, consumers can expand their self-image or to change it through the purchase of certain products in certain locations. The relationship between the self-images of consumers and the objects they possess is a subject much study in the context of consumer behaviour because the objects that people have can confirm or even expand their self-images. Possession of certain products can expand the "I" in several ways:
  • Allowing people to solve problems that would be impossible to resolve without recourse to certain products;
  • Making people feel better;
  • Conferring a certain status;
  • Providing feelings of immortality because the products have passed from generation to generation within the family;
  • Providing "magical powers" (e.g. amulets).
Consumers can also choose to change your "self" changing its appearance. Thus, consumers try to assert their individualism. This change is performed using products that alter the image of a person, such as cosmetics, hair products, colored contact lenses, etc..


Self-concept and consumer behaviour 
Consumer perceptions about oneself have a very strong influence on their behaviour in the market. Many studies that sought to establish a relationship between self-concept and its influence on consumer behaviour have been performed. The main concerns of researchers were:

Alternative views of the "I"
In the field of consumer study many theories have arisen. These can be divided into two groups: single-component and multi theories theories.
Simple theories focus on the current "I" - perception of how a person thinks it is. Subscribers of multi-component theories argue that the "I" is best obtained by crossing two or more dimensions. The "ideal self" could be defined as the perception of the person as he/she would like to be. The "social self" is the perception of how this person thinks others see him/her. The "social ideal self" is the perception that one has of how he/she would like others to him/her. The "self expression" may be the "ideal self" or the "social self" depending on situational or social factors.


Major research areas
There are 5 major types of research relating the consumer behavior with Self-concept:
  1. Attempts to determine whether specific types of self-concepts are related to socio-economic or psychological factors;
  2. Studies that sought to establish a relationship between consumer behavior and their self-concept and image of a product;
  3. Investigations that sought to determine how far consumer behavior is consistent with their perceptions of themselves;
  4. Studies that relate the possibility that consumers attach their self-images to products that have similar images;
  5. Research focused on whether the product images that are consistent with the self-concept of the consumer influence their perceptions about himself.

Consistency between consumer behaviour and its self-concept and product image
The consumers use product images as symbols that speak of who buys them. Thus, an area of practical interest is the degree to which a consumer prefer certain products or brands because it considers its image consistent with your self-image, what would be or other aspects of self-concept. A possible explanation of this behaviour can be summarized as follows:
  1. Consumers form their self-concepts through their psychological development and social interaction;
  2. The products and the brands are perceived by consumers as having images or symbolic meaning;
  3. The symbolic role, possession, display and use of these symbols help the individual to define their self-concept for themselves and others;
  4. The behaviour of individuals will be motivated to increase and better define their self-concept through the consumption of certain goods;
  5. Preferred brands will be those that the consumer perceives as having a more consistent picture with your self-concept.

Measurement Issues
We can conclude that the theory of self-concept can be very useful in areas such as product design, product positioning and consumer behaviour prediction. To achieve this potential is necessary to measure the most relevant variables. Several theories have been developed for this but let's just focus on those that focus on consistency between consumer behaviour and their self-concept and product image.
A more direct approach uses the Q sort method. In this method, the consumer is asked to classify brands in categories with labels that do match the degree of correspondence with one aspect of its "I". A limitation of this theory is that it assumes that the consumer has pictures of themselves and the well-defined product, which often does not happen.
Another approach relies on the use of measurement techniques to evaluate the self-concept of the consumer as well as their perception of the image of various brands. To use this technique, the researcher must first identify the attributes of personality / most important to measure and develop semantic scales for these picture. Then consumers are asked to reveal what the size of your Self-concept to evaluate, according to scales defined to better describe themselves. Another set of scales is used to measure the perceptions that consumers have the images of the brands. 


Research Results
Many studies have attempted to establish a relationship between brand consistency / Self-concept and various aspects of consumer behaviour. Although they have produced many inconsistencies, it was also possible to obtain some generalizations:
  1. Consumers tend to buy products / brands whose image they consider to be more consistent with their current self-concept;
  2. Consumers prefer to purchase products / brands whose image they consider more consistent with their ideal self-concept;
  3. The relationship between brand image / social consumer and their preferences in terms of brands is not very strong. However the relationship with the consistency between the brand and the ideal self-image is stronger;
  4. Consumers who find themselves more feminine prefer products associated with a feminist image (the same applies to the masculine image);
  5. Whether a product is very visible, or not, this does not have great influence on the coherence between brand / self-image and effective choice of a brand;
  6. Studies indicate that many variables that influence the relationship between brand consistency / Self-concept and various aspects of consumer behaviour. They are: type of decision, personality type, degree to which the image of the product is highly stereotyped and associated with a type of consumer, etc...

Applications in Marketing
Although the Self-concept has many limitations, this can be very useful to marketing. Despite the limitations, self-image is a powerful concept that has many applications and implications in the field of the study of consumer behaviour. The concept has been used for targeting marketing, advertising, creation of packaging, personal selling, product development and sales.
Some people argue that companies can segmented markets in more homogeneous groups according to their self-image. In decisions based on segmented markets through self-image of the consumer the marketing concept becomes operative for seeing the consumer's own point of view. Finally, the concept of self-image is also used extensively in various aspects of promotions.  

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Characteristics of an Effective Communication

Posted by Unknown Senin, 02 Desember 2013 0 komentar


What are the characteristics of a proposal, report or presentation to be effective? What distinguishes a communication that produces expected results of an inefficient communication?
This reflection is certainly important for anyone who writes proposals, reports and other communications, as it can help prepare documents with the highest quality and reach the objectives for which they were designed.


I. Usability
A document with high usability is a document that is easy to use by the reader:
  • Perform a task or make a decision;
  • Find the necessary information;
  • Understand the information in the document accurately.
    Usability is an essential feature of a document, people are exposed to excessive information - emails, memos, proposals, reports - and the time we have is insufficient to analyse all this information. The usability ensures that readers get the results they want document, spending the least possible time and with minimum errors.


    II. Persuasion
    A document with high persuasion is a document that is capable of influencing attitudes and actions of the readers.
    A proposal is effective only if it is persuasive, i.e. it generates a favour response from the readers. Similarly, a report that defends an idea or point of view will only be effective if it is convincing and persuasive to readers. Persuasion is thus an essential feature for any document so that it gets the results for which it was created. The first challenge of persuasion in a document, or an email, proposal or report is to persuade the audience to read the document. With lack of time and information overload that people face today, the decision to read or not a document is often taken in less than one minute.


    III. Efficiency
    Create a report or proposal efficiently means to produce a document spending a minimal amount of time and the least amount of resources.
    Normally the ones that write a report, proposal or other document, face often restrictions of time and other resources. For this reason, it is essential to use tools and work methods that allow the necessary tasks to be performed in the shortest possible time.


    IV. Strategies for Achieving Usability and Persuasion
    The following table presents some strategies to create documents with high usability and persuasion.

    A) Think constantly in your readers
    While you organize and develop your document always think of your readers:
    • What do they know about the subject?
    • What are their objectives?
    • What are their attitudes?
    B) Help your readers find information quickly
    Develop a document easy to use and locate the information that readers need:
    • Introduce the main topics at the beginning of document;
    • Use titles, tables and bulleted lists to guide readers to information that they seek,
    • Use a writing style easy to read.
     C) Highlight more persuasive aspects Highlight the most persuasive aspects of your document:
    • Focus on objectives and values of audience
    • Introduce the most persuasive aspects in beginning of the document.  


    V. Strategies to Achieve Efficiency
    The following table presents some strategies to create documents efficiently.

    A) Automate tasks with Word (or similar tool)
    Use the advanced features of Word to perform automatically the following tasks:
    • Format of the headings and paragraphs;
    • Paging of a document;
    • Create an index;
    • Organize a document.
    B) Create Slide-show with Power Point (or similar tool)
    Use Power Point for presentations to facilitate the following tasks of creation of slides:
    • Select the look of slides;
    • Format titles and texts;
    • Insert images, sounds and videos.

    C) Analyse the information with Excel (or similar tool)
    Use the advanced tools of Excel to perform the following tasks on time:
    • Analyse data lists;
    • Conduct sensitivity analyses and scenarios;
    • Perform operations with dates and text.

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    Global Human Resource Management

    Posted by Unknown Rabu, 27 November 2013 0 komentar

    When we talk about Global Strategy in organizations, we must highlight a key factor that this is efficiently implemented: Human Resources. There are four important points/topics in regards to Global Human Resource Management:
    1. Delegation of Personnel Functions – Global Wheel of Human Resources;
    2. Management of Expatriation: career management of global managers;
    3. Location: need to recruit and motivate local staff;
    4. Global Capacity Development: Necessity to develop appropriate skills for global management.
    Global Human Resource Management
    When we highlight the Delegation of Personnel Functions by the "Global Wheel of Human Resources” it should be noted that in the centre of the wheel are the centres of decision/headquarters, where the Board of Directors and key managers are located in an aligned manner with the support of their staff. It must also be noted that this wheel is made up of countries where the organization operates, these countries being supported by three categories of staff:
    1. Local managers and staff - this category is based on a subsidiary level. The career and function essentially correspond to local businesses;
    2. Global Managers - In this category, the hiring process and the careers are based on different countries while the managers are called "global managers" or "international managers" (name that appears in place of "expatriate managers", this termination has been disappearing);
    3. Temporary staff - These are referred as "isolated" staff and they do not have such a great connection with the company.
    The profile and the characteristics of the human resources are not the same in an organization adopting a posture of global strategy from an organization operating in a multi-domestic model. So when an organization operates in a Model of Global Strategy, there are more global and multi-cultural managers, local managers can go for a global career and it will be more frequent that staff is transferred to other subsidiaries, as well to other decision centres. In a Multi-Model Domestic, global managers are few and most of them come from a single nationality, move from place to place but usually in top positions and local staff performs their careers within their own country and its subsidiary, although they may occasionally go to other subsidiaries intend to support or learn something. Another key topic portrays the Management of expatriation. Normally expatriate staff is integrated into two categories:
    • Expatriates with  Nationality of the Country of Origin, whose nationality is the same as the parent company;
    • Expatriates of Different Nationality.
    The 4 F's
    When we talk about expatriation we have to take account the successes and failures of expatriation. As causes of the success we have the support, recognition and recognition of the tasks performed. While as causes of failure there is the inability to adapt, family problems, personal or emotional immaturity, inability to cope with the responsibility, among others.
    However, the management of expatriation brings us to a process that we must take into account the Acculturation. The Acculturation is a procedure by which elements of a culture adapt to a different culture. Acculturation can take different attitudes, also known as "4 F's":
    1. The Flight attitude is adopted when a person wants to preserve their cultural and when confronted with a new cultural environment the person goes into isolation;
    2. The Fight attitude has some similarities to Flight attitude however, instead of the person to isolate and retract, it criticizes the environment in which they enter and claim the superiority of their culture;
    3. The Fit attitude describes people who are able to immerse themselves in the local culture and at the same time able to preserve their culture;
    4. The Follow attitude shows the readiness of people to adopt the local cultures and assimilate willingly the host environment. There is a tendency to gradually lose contact with the origins and difficulty in balancing the global and local requirements.
    For the company, the cost of firing expatriate staff is two or three times greater than the same measure when taken with personnel in the country of origin. Given this situation, companies should establish a coherent set of policies and practices that maximize the benefits of expatriation both for the company and for its employees. Such measures should include 6 very important components, such as:
    1. Strategic Vision
    2. Preparation and Selection
    3. Compensation
    4. Mandate
    5. Support
    6. Promotion in career
    Location
    Another important item regarding to the Global Human Resource Management aspect is the location. Although expatriate managers (in the place of origin of the company), are considered as vital sources of communication and knowledge transfer in terms of the global network of business units, the competitiveness of companies operating globally is directly dependent on loyalty of human resources recruited locally by the company. The location of managers and support staff helps global companies to break the language barrier that is created and to establish a deeper relationship with the existing network of personal and business contacts.
    The location aspect has several advantages for companies that practice. Among which we can highlight the reduction in costs with the placement of personnel from the country of origin into the new established countries, but also entails additional costs as: housing, travel, expenditure on the process of adaptation to the country, language courses, among others.
    The practice of this form of recruitment, allows the company to have a more global view of the existing human resources market, as it is not restricted only to the country of origin. This thought allows us to consider the company as framed with the statement “Think global act local”.

    Global Development Capabilities/Competencies
    The last item with respect to the Global Human Resource Management is the Global Development Capabilities/Competencies. The era of global managers ended, manage ceased to be an individual task to become a three part challenge. Given the constant change and volatility of transnational corporations we cannot speak on the existence of global managers, but three groups of experts: Business Managers, Country Managers and Functional Managers.
    1. The Business Managers operate in global business units, dealing with higher scales of efficiency and competitiveness, which promotes a global scale. In this group of managers are required to have a vision of the business as a whole. They are the planners and coordinators whose role outline the strategy of the organization, configure resources and coordinate international transactions;
    2. The National Managers operate through local subsidiaries, thus the range of action is managed within each country. Their role involves to satisfy the needs of local consumers, comply with the local government requirements, and to defend the market position against local and foreign competitors. That is to say, the national managers must know how to analyse threats and local opportunities, build local capacity and resources, as well as contribute and actively participate in global strategy;
    3. Finally, the Functional Managers operate at the level of the central services of the company (or at a regional level). They need to ensure that the best technology and best practices are transferred to the business in all the countries, therefore the Functional Managers need to coordinate the flow of learning. The knowledge transfer must be accomplished through informal networks for exchanging information, creating specialized and updated information channels.

    Summary
    In short, the success of global strategies is largely due to (1) the quality of people that are in the basis of its implementation and (2) the overall management requires a total involvement, development and deployment of the staff.

    Source


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